[Scott Ben-Joseph]re-New Town, Architektura, Urbanistyka, ebook, pdf

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re:
NEW
The book is a product of a collaborative design research project at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) School of Architecture and
Planning, and sponsored by Japan’s Sekisui House. The research was initiated to
envision, program and develop design directions for prototypical sustainable
residential communities in the years 2030-2050. Much of the discourse about the
design of sustainable communities and ‘eco-cities’ has to date been premised
on using previously undeveloped land. In contrast, this project and resulting
publication focuses on the retrofitting of an existing environment – a more likely
approach, given the extent of the world’s already-built infrastructure.
TOWN
At the center of the project is Tama New Town, close to Tokyo, and one of about
thirty planned communities built by the Japanese government in the 1970s. The
town currently presents a range of problems such as an aging population and
the deterioration of homes and buildings, particularly in the earliest phases of
development. The problems that Tama New Town faces and which the research
seeks to address are common to planned communities in many advanced
nations and will soon have to be addressed by developing countries as well.
The results of this work serve as a useful framework for future development and
the means to balance urban systems, and environmental agendas with new
urban housing prototypes.
re:
NEW
TOWN
sustainable urban housing
and community 2050
ISBN 978-0-557-49082-0
90000
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School of Architecture + Planning
SA+P Press
Andrew Scott + Eran Ben-Joseph
Editors
SA+P Press
9
780557
490820
Contents
8
Forward
PART 3: Applied Prototypes
11
Preface
96
Project Objectives
PART 1: Sustainable Initiatives
98
100
104
106
114
116
120
6. Site Concepts
Planning Concepts
Program Deployment
Ecological Footprint
Mobility Infrastructures
The Public Sphere: Streets
The Public Sphere: Ecological Productive Landscape
14
16
18
1. Research in Context
Research Through Design
New Towns + Shrinking Cities
20
2. Assumptions
128
131
145
153
7. Low Density Prototypes
The S-House
The L-House
The Courtyard House
PART 2: Concepts
26
29
31
3. Tama New Town
Planning and Design
Specific Neighborhoods: Nagayama and Suwa
162
165
179
187
8. Medium Density Prototypes
The Connected Courtyard
The Urban Villa
The Loft-Block
44
47
49
53
55
59
63
4. Initial Survey + Preliminary Propositions
Propositions
Energy + Sustainability
Ecology + Environment
Mobility + Flexibility
Demographics, Social + Socioeconomic Adaptation
Housing Reconfiguration
196
201
203
205
207
9. High Density Prototypes
The Linear Block
The Stepped Block
The Atrium Block
The Tapered Block
64
68
69
71
73
77
81
5. Abstractions + Typologies
Ecologically Oriented Development
Guiding Principles
Stream + Water Body Restoration
Reclaimed Water
Urban Agriculture
Beyond Monoculture Studio
216
219
223
235
251
255
265
10. Measuring Performance: Infrastructures
Carbon Reduction 2010-2050
Mobility
Energy
Solid Waste
Green Space
Water
275
Future Directions
Preface
In 1927, while designing Radburn, Clarence Stein called for a “revolution in planning.” He chal-
lenged existing practices that were geared toward facilitating the automobile and proposed a
“radical revision of the relation of houses, roads, paths, gardens, parks, blocks, and local neigh-
borhoods.”
1
Stein’s call for change is as important today as it was eighty years ago. In the past a
false perception of unlimited natural resources existed. The apparent abundance of resources,
combined with the seemingly limitless abilities of technology, was seen as sufficient to control
the consequences of boundless urban growth. When an environmental problem arose, a techno-
logical solution was sought. In recent years we have begun to recognize that there are limits to
all resources and that technological solutions often cause problems greater than those they are
intended to solve. Faced with limited resources, we can ill afford to apply engineered solutions
indiscriminately. We must discover how to do more with less, how to successfully design with
nature, and to ecologically design our communities to take full advantage of the “free work” of
environmental systems. If we embrace the notion of design that reduces the possible negative
effects on the environment and makes the most of the ingrained social and economic benefits
associated with ecology, we should expect a golden age of ingenious retrofitting of our housing,
worn-out infrastructure, and depleted energy supply.
In that spirit, the objective of this project is to propose a model for community and housing design
that strives for ‘zero net energy,’ carbon neutrality, and reduced ecological impacts. Concepts
such as adaptability, flexibility, and information technology integration are also important parts
of the investigation. These aspects are seen as crucial in enhancing livability and self-reliance
within the framework of rapidly changing demographic and tenuous environmental conditions.
The majority of recent, high profile efforts to address similar concerns have relied on the creation
of new developments in open, unbuilt green-field areas. The sheer conversion of natural areas
for development, however, is counterproductive to the notion of long-term ecological resiliency
and sustainability. Rather, an emphasis should be placed on the transformation and retrofitting of
existing cities and suburbs. This is crucial as cities across parts of Asia, Africa, and South America
enter an unprecedented phase of exponential growth, while an opposite trend of infrastructure
deterioration and population decline is emerging in many of the world’s post-industrial nations.
In that regard, this work focuses on a suburb outside of Tokyo, Japan, which epitomizes the mod-
ern shrinking city condition - Tama New Town. However, the issues, challenges, and opportunities
explored are not unique to Tama. Indeed, it is our hope that the lessons learned, as well as the
actual process of
analysis
and
design response
represented in this work will help to inform similar
interventions throughout the world where urban expansion trends have reversed and previously
thriving ‘new’ developments are falling into physical, social, and ecological disrepair.
1. Stein, Clarence S. 1951. Toward New Towns for America. Cambridge,
MA.: MIT Press. P. 42
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| 11
Part 1:
Sustainable Initiatives
Research in Context 14
Assumptions 20
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